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Port Militarization Resistance (PMR) is an anti-war organization in the United States. The organization began in May 2006, in Olympia, Washington, but also has chapters in Tacoma, Washington, Grays Harbor, Washington, and the Mid-Atlantic region.〔("Port Militarization Resistance: Mid-Atlantic" )〕 Port Militarization Resistance is also the name of the strategy employed by this organization. The organization and adherents of the PMR strategy advocate an end to the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan to be accomplished through making civilian-owned ports inaccessible to the military, with less emphasis on persuading elected officials to abandon the war. PMR organized high-profile protests at the Port of Olympia and the Port of Tacoma in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009. ==Strategy and tactics== While attempts are made to appeal to local governing bodies to cease military shipments, many PMR members and port action participants believe these avenues have largely been exhausted.〔("A Statement From the Newly Formed Port Militarization Resistance" ), Port Militarization Resistance, June 2006〕〔("Interview with TJ Johnson" ), Ross Reynolds, Works In Progress, April 2007〕 Thus, PMR the organization and adherents of the PMR strategy focus on direct action, a political philosophy which relies on circumventing the authority of elected officials. Tactics used in PMR actions vary, and have included each of the following: * daily/nightly vigils * picketing * die-ins * banner drops * human blockades and locking arms * civil disobedience such as ignoring police-designated "free-speech zones" * soft-arrest demonstrations * physical road blockades * unpermitted marches * property damage. While each of the above listed tactics has been used at PMR hosted protests, PMR does not necessarily endorse each of those, and organizers have from time to time spoken out against various actions taken at its protests.〔("Blocking the Strykers: Thirteen Days of War Resistance at the Port of Olympia" ), Sandy Mayes, Works In Progress, December 2007〕 It has also been suggested by port action participants that one of PMR's most effective tactics is the forcing of local jurisdictions to escalate their security expenses during the shipments, making the shipments less valuable. Port Militarization Resistance has encouraged participants to engage in a mixture of direct action and indirect action for the purposes of obstructing military shipments. PMR has at times acted as a cohesive unit, and at other times has encouraged members to organize into affinity groups. Port Militarization Resistance has issued statements committing itself to non-violence. This commitment includes refusals to engage in things like "verbal harassment" and "malicious sabotage." 〔("Port Militarization Resistance Code/Statement of Non-Violence" ), Port Militarization Resistance, 18 February 2007〕 While the organization has never been involved in any act in violation of this commitment, not all participants in port actions consider themselves aligned with PMR the organization, and some have engaged in actions which would be in violation of PMR's commitment to non-violence. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Port Militarization Resistance」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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